YOU ASKED ME THIS QUESTION

Is “fiscalizer” a legitimate word in the English language?

From Fred Natividad in Livonia, Michigan (February 5, 2010):

Upon receipt of the Yahoo group e-mail below, Fred sent me a copy with this laconic question: “Any comments, Joe?”

The e-mail message runs as follows:

“Ever heard the word ‘fiscalizer’ used extensively on Philippine TV by politicians esp. senators and their supporters?

“Well, sorry to burst the bubble, but ‘fiscalizer’ is another IMBENTO NG PINOY!!

“Follow this link to read on the history of the word... :)”

My reply to Fred:

I checked out the site indicated in the e-mail above and found it very informative, if a tad too partisan for my taste. I’d like to be as dispassionate as possible about English vocabulary matters, you see.

Anyway, what I know is that “fiscalizer” isn’t really a new Filipino neologism; if my memory serves me well, it was already in vogue way back in the late ’60s and would resurface every time a national election or a showdown in the Philippine Senate or in the Lower House was in the offing. I know that some politicians way back then would appropriate the word to describe themselves or media would tack on the name on one, then both would liberally use it for its strong publicity recall. This would be regardless of whether “fiscalizer” really fit the self-image or the public image of a righteous fighter, or whether they had first checked the word out with a reputable dictionary to find out exactly what it means. What’s important is for the politician so labeled to develop a reputation as a fierce combatant for some cause or anything worth ranting or railing against. Of course, all the while I knew that no respectable dictionary had recognized it yet as an English word, but then who had ever stopped an enterprising Filipino wordsmith or politician from inventing a new English word from scratch—words like, say, “salvage” for “kill” (which actually means the opposite)?

Just to be doubly sure, I checked my digital Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary a while ago and found that it still has no entry for either “fiscalize” or “fiscalizer.” All it has is this entry for “fiscal”:

fiscal
Function: adjective
Etymology: Latin fiscalis, from fiscus basket, treasury
Date: 1563

1 : of or relating to taxation, public revenues, or public debt  <fiscal policy>
2 : of or relating to financial matters
–fiscally adverb

I would imagine that since the adjective “fiscal” denotes money things and not fighter things, the most appropriate meaning “fiscalize” could have is “monetize,” and “fiscalizer,” well, “monetizer.” Of course, I’m sure none of the self-proclaimed fiscalizers would want this meaning to stick; it’s, ummh, so demeaning—as if an honest-to-goodness fiscalizer is doing it only for the money.  

Anyway, I did a media check on “fiscalizer” and found that a story of the Philippine Star in its November 18, 2008 issue identified Senator Manuel Villar as such in the headline, “‘No regrets, I’ll serve as fiscalizer’,” although nowhere in the story is there any mention that he had described himself as such. (Question to the Philippine Star editor: Was it deliberately or inadvertently edited out?) You see, this was when he was ousted as Senate President, and what he actually said (as quoted in the news story), was this: “I don’t see how it will affect me. Being Senate president had tied me down to this job. At least, I can say that I’m free to move around and have more time now to attend to the poor, to assist needy overseas Filipino workers, to serve the public more.” (Sounds like he was already campaigning for the presidency that early!) But that doesn’t sound to me like “fiscalizing” or a “fiscalizer’s” job at all! I therefore suspect that it was the reporter or the paper’s desk editor who had stuck that tag on Villar, whether he wanted it or not. So perhaps it’s also media’s fault that “fiscalizer” continues to have its phantom semantic existence up to this day!

I say this in all seriousness because it looks like even Senator Joker Arroyo—a genuine, bona fide lawyer—had appropriated “fiscalizer” to describe himself way back in 2007. A Philippine Information Agency (PIA) news story on April 12 of that year reported:

For the current national election season, it appears that it’s Senator Benigno Aquino III who had appropriated “fiscalizer” as campaign tag and persona. It seems that he had described himself as such in an interview on “Probe Profiles” on ABS-CBN. So now “fiscalizer” has just gotten a new lease on life in an altogether new context. Anyway, I suppose that its fate and formal acceptance as a legitimate word by reputable English dictionaries will ultimately depend—or at least depend largely—on the outcome of the coming Philippine presidential elections. So let’s just wait and see what happens to “fiscalize” and “fiscalizer” when the final poll tallies are out. It just might land a well-deserved place in the English lexicon—or be consigned to semantic oblivion for posterity.

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How do “I hope” and “hopefully” differ and is the latter acceptable?

From Mr. Roger Alvarez in the United States (January 23, 2010):

In an article entitled “How to sound smarter?” in the February 2010 issue of the Reader’s Digest, some of the explanations did not help nonnative English speaker like me. Can you please elaborate on the differences between “I hope” and “hopefully” and between “nauseous” and “nauseated” as well as on the unnecessary use of “most” when saying “most everyone”?

My reply to Roger:

On “I hope” and “hopefully.” In a posting last January 2 about the adverb “overly,” I actually took up the objection of some grammarians to the use of “hopefully” as a frontline adverbial modifier, as in “Hopefully summer this year won’t be so hot.” The objectors point out that such usage of “hopefully” in the sense of “in a hopeful manner” is nonstandard and grammatically wrong. They insist that there should be a subject doing the “hoping” in such constructions, as in “I/we/they hope summer this year won’t be so hot,” or, if the subject can’t be specified for some reason, at least the sentence should take the form “It is hoped summer this year won’t be so hot.”

I mentioned that the controversy over the usage of “hopefully” had been so fierce that William Safire, the late American grammar maven, was quoted as having remarked: “The word ‘hopefully’ has become the litmus test to determine whether one is a language snob or a language slob.” He fiercely opposed the use of “hopefully” in such frontline adverbial constructions, but he eventually relented in the face of the growing currency of that usage.

So, the question that I’m sure is topmost in your mind is this: Is such frontline use of “hopefully” acceptable or not?

Simply as a stylistic preference, I personally make every effort to avoid that usage of “hopefully,” but at least two language authorities now recognize that usage as standard.

Here’s Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary on “hopefully”:

And here’s what the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language has to say about “hopefully”:

On “nauseous” and “nauseated.” I haven’t read what the Reader’s Digest says about the usage of these two words, but I would presume that it’s about the insistence of some grammarians that the adjective “nauseous” can only be used in the sense of “causing nausea or disgust,” and that it’s wrong to use the adjective “nauseated” in the sense of “affected with nausea or disgust.”

I really don’t feel strongly about the usage of either “nauseous” and “nauseated.” In the admittedly few occasions that I found use for these adjectives, I actually thought of them as synonymous and practically interchangeable. I therefore won’t loss sleep over the choice between them. Formally, though, here’s what the Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary thinks about the usage of the two:

On the supposedly wrong use of “most” in “most everyone.” At the outset, Roger, I have to disagree with the notion that the use of “most” in “most everyone” is unnecessary. That usage is actually an established fact, with “most” used as a more concise substitute for “almost.” What’s in question really is whether the construction “most everyone” is correct and acceptable usage.

Formally, of course, we are expected to say or write, for example, “Almost everyone is afraid that someone incompetent might be elected chairman of the company,” not “Most everyone is afraid that someone incompetent might be elected chairman of the company.” I won’t quibble over this usage prescription.

But let’s seize the cat by its tail, so to speak, and see what happens. Take your pick between these two alternative constructions of that sentence: “That someone incompetent might be elected chairman of the company is the fear of almost everyone.” “That someone incompetent might be elected chairman of the company is the fear of most everyone.” For me, version 2 that uses “most everyone” is better and more euphonic. It’s for this reason that I think we should be more flexible when faced with the choice of using “almost everyone” or “most everyone.”

But is my call for flexibility in this choice misguided and misplaced? I don’t think so. At the very moment of this writing, Google records the following entries for the usage of the two:

“most everyone” – From everywhere, 326,000,000; from the Philippines, 828,000
“almost everyone” – From everywhere, 95,600,000; from the Philippines, 229,000

The usage of “most everyone” beats that of “almost everyone” by a ratio of about 7:2, proving that the frowned-upon “most everyone” is closer to the heart of most everyone in terms of communication utility.

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Do we use “motherland” or “fatherland” in Jose Rizal’s poem?

From edmanuelsong (January 11, 2010):

When do we use “motherland” or “fatherland,” as in “The youth is the hope of our motherland/fatherland?”

My answer to Ed Manuel:

That line about the youth is, of course, the most pervasively quoted English paraphrase of the fifth line of “A La Juventud Filipina” (To the Filipino Youth), a poem that Jose Rizal, our national hero, wrote in Spanish in 1879 when he was only 18. The prize-winning poem had since become a staple recitation piece in many a literary elocution contest among young people in the Philippines. I must say, though, that this particular English paraphrase of the poem’s fifth line is bland, uninspired, unpoetic, and—I dare say—unfaithful to the original Spanish because it totally ignores Rizal’s description of youth as “bella” (“beautiful,” “handsome”).

Here’s the first stanza of Rizal’s poem in the original Spanish:

     ¡Alza tu tersa frente,
Juventud Filipina, en este día!
¡Luce resplandeciente
tu rica gallardía,
bella esperanza de la patria mía!  

In Spanish, the word “patria” is a feminine noun that means “native country,” and the nationals of Spain traditionally refer to their country as “madre patria” (“mother country”). Thus, when the young Rizal wrote the poem “A La Juventud Filipina” at a time when the Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule, he clearly meant the feminine “motherland” for “patria.”

So, well in keeping with that intent, the poem’s fifth line had been translated in some English versions as “Fair hope of my Motherland.” Likewise, Tagalog translations of that poem often render “la patria mia” in the feminine “inang bayan” (motherland). One Tagalog translation, however, eschewed the “motherland”/”fatherland” choice and used “Bayan kong Mutya” (My Beloved Country) instead.

Another translator, Alfredo S. Veloso, rendered “la patria” also as “motherland” but exercised extreme literary license by translating “bella esperanza” (literally “beautiful hope”) as “handsome hope”! I think there really wasn’t much choice because in Veloso’s  translation of the poem’s second line, the youth was specifically identified as the obviously masculine “Filipino.”

Hold high your faultless brow,
Filipino youth, on this day grand!
Shine forth resplendent now,
In gallant glory stand,
Handsome hope of my motherland!

Early in the 20th century, however, the American translator Charles Derbyshire—his English translation of Rizal’s “Mi Ultimo Adios” (My Last Farewell) is, in my recollection, the most popular and most often recited—translated the fifth line of “A La Juventud Filipina” as “Fair hope of my fatherland!”

Hold high the brow serene,
O youth, where now you stand;
Let the bright sheen
Of your grace be seen,
Fair hope of my fatherland!

So what should the correct English translation of “patria” be—“motherland” or “fatherland”? These two nouns, of course, are essentially synonymous, both denoting one’s native land, place of origin, or the country of one’s father or ancestors. Indeed, some traditionally matriarchal nations like Egypt, South Africa, India, and Sri Lanka are referred to by their people as their “motherland,” while some patriarchal nations like Germany, Greece, France, and Italy are referred to by their people as their “fatherland.”

Because of this variability in the English vocabulary for “patria,” I think both “motherland” and “fatherland” are perfectly acceptable renderings of Rizal’s intent for that phrase in his poem. The choice primarily depends on the translator’s poetic sensibility and cultural perception rather than on a specific grammar or semantic rule. Even so, I would venture the opinion that “motherland” is closer and more faithful to Rizal’s intent for “la patria mia” in the original Spanish.

Read Charles Derbyshire’s English translation of “A La Juventud Filipina”

Read Alfredo S. Veloso’s English translation of “A La Juventud Filipina”

Read a Tagalog version of “A La Juventud Filipina” by an anonymous translator

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A polite way to tell restaurant patrons not to ask for doggie bags

From Jonathan Valdez in the United States (January 7, 2010):

Bamboo Bistro in West Covina, California has signage posted on its walls that reads: “Please avoid leftovers.” Obviously the intended meaning, is “Pakiusap Iwasan Ang Pagtitira Ng Pagkain.”

I think the management wants its patrons not to waste food, but isn’t the use of “leftovers” improper in this context? It’s a pity my cell phone doesn’t have a camera.

My reply to Jonathan:

I think the language in “Please avoid leftovers” is a little loose, but at least it’s a polite alternative to “Please finish all the food you ordered” or “Please eat all of the food you ordered.” (For indeed, how can you possibly do that if the food is badly cooked or not to your liking?) In the Philippines, an often-used variant in restaurants that offer eat-all-you-can meals is “No leftovers allowed”—the implication being that the diner can’t ask for a doggie bag for food he or she had put on the plate but was unable to finish. (As you can imagine, allowing leftovers to be taken home under that offer could bankrupt the restaurant before long!)

Anyway, just to put things in proper perspective, leftover in the context of food is defined as “something that remains unused or unconsumed...especially leftover food served at a later meal.” So maybe—just a big maybe—that restaurant in West Covina is indirectly and ever politely telling its patrons to refrain from asking for doggie bags to take their leftover food home.

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Is the usage of the adverb “overly” anomalous English?

From Isabel Escoda, a Filipino journalist based in Hong Kong (January 2, 2010):

Reading your latest [notice for Jose Carillo's English Forum], I have a vague feeling that some time ago I read somewhere (the late William Safire?) about the anomalous use of “overly,” which you use in your first sentence below:

Isn’t “over” an adverb, so making it doubly so by adding an “-ly” is anomalous?

Speaking of which, have you ever tackled the word “anomalous,” which Pinoys use to mean “criminal,” “scandalous”? As you know, the meaning is entirely different from the way most Pinoys use it

Happy New Year of the Tiger!

My reply to Isabel:

A Happy and Prosperous New Year to you, too, Isabel!

Sorry to say at the outset that your vague feeling over my usage of “overly” in My Media Watch posting may not be justified. I think my usage of “overly” is not anomalous; it is a proper, perfectly grammatical adverb that means “to an excessive degree”—for short, “too,” as in “too exuberant.” The word “overly” actually dates back to 1806, according to my Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary, and I have not heard anyone, whether layman or linguist, quibble against the propriety of its usage. I’m not sure either if the late William Safire had ever considered “overly” anomalous; what I know is that he did think so in the case of the adverbs “hopefully” and “momentarily” and fiercely opposed the use of both.*

Yes, “over” is an adverb in the sense of “beyond some quantity, limit, or norm often by a specified amount or to a specified degree” or “in an excessive manner,” but as you know, it can also be an adjective (as in “the year is over), preposition (run over a hump), and transitive verb (she overed the world record by 1.5 seconds). When “over” is used in its adjective sense, affixing “-ly” to it makes it an adverb, as in “2009 was an overly disastrous year for many people in Luzon.” I really don’t think there’s anything anomalous in such usage of “overly.”

As to the adjective “anomalous,” yes, you’re right, Isabel, Pinoys do use the word to mean “criminal” and “scandalous,” which is not exactly the dictionary meaning of the word. Here’s how my Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary defines it:

anomalous
Etymology: Late Latin anomalus, from Greek anōmalos, literally, uneven, from a- + homalos even, from homos same — more at SAME
Date: 1655

1 : inconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expected  : IRREGULAR, UNUSUAL
2 a : of uncertain nature or classification  b : marked by incongruity or contradiction  : PARADOXICAL

In this dictionary sense, “anomalous” has no criminal or scandalous aspect—only irregularity or incongruity. I have a feeling that “anomalous” is a form of journalese in the Philippines for a possibly criminal act (but one that can’t be called as such in print until the courts have rendered judgment on it) or a scandalous act (but one that can’t be called as such in print until the arbiters of human foibles—clerics and newspaper editorial writers—have pontificated on it). Perhaps due to overuse in newspaper headlines in the Philippines, though, “anomalous” has come to be strongly and inextricably associated with criminal or scandalous behavior.

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*In the particular case of “hopefully,” the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language quotes William Safire as saying: “The word ‘hopefully’ has become the litmus test to determine whether one is a language snob or a language slob.” He fiercely opposed the use of “hopefully” in such constructions as “Hopefully, the electorate will be more sensible in their choices come election time,” arguing that it should be constructed as “It is hoped that the electorate will be more sensible in their choices come election time.” On the other hand, he considered “hopefully” to be correctly used in the sense of “full of hope,” as in “We all look hopefully on the next national elections to bring about the necessary reforms the country needs.” Eventually, however, in the face of its growing currency in the language, Safire relented on his opposition to “hopefully.”

As to “momentarily,” here’s what Safire thought of it, writing in his “On Language” column in the May 11, 1997 issue of The New York Times:

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Four perplexing questions about the usage of the English tenses

From an English-language learner whom I’ll identify only as Mark Kenneth (December 15, 2009):

Good evening po, sir. My name is Mark Kenneth. I’m 31 years old. And it’s painful for me to admit that at this age, I am not a master of anything. Not even of the English language.

I’m scared about my future. And I regret a lot. But now I want to TRY…and see kung ano pa sa mga pangarap ko ang pwede ko pang makamit.

I bought your book…and may ilang mga tanong po ako na ang hirap hanapan ng answers.

Here are my questions po:

1. “Yesterday, I went to the doctor and he told me that I HAVE/HAD cancer.”

I am not sure kung ang dapat gamitin ay “HAVE” (since logically kung na-diagnose ako with cancer kahapon lang… naturally… may cancer pa rin ako ngayon), or “HAD” (since my conversation with the doctor happened in the past and I used “went”).

2. “I woke up this morning thinking that today IS/WAS Monday.” (Let’s assume that today is any other day but MONDAY)

3. On this scenario, kunwari narinig ko sa radio (5 minutes ago) na namimigay sila ng tickets for a concert. Tumawag agad ako sa radio station and how would I say the ff:

“Hi, I heard you ARE/WERE giving away tickets for the concert.”

(Logically po they are still giving away tickets nung tumawag ako.. but should I use “were” since narinig ko yung announcement in the past)

4. “Yesterday, she told me her name was/is RODA.” (Ang true name nya po talaga ay Roda

Sir, it will mean a lot kung mag-re-reply po kayo sa akin. Gusto ko lang po makuha yung explanation behind the correct answers.

I’m saving up money para mabili ko yung second book nyo.

And, sir, ano po ba ang mga libro kong dapat basahin that can help me about those questions?

Maraming maraming salamat po. God bless you and your family!

My reply to Mark Kenneth:

December 15, 2009

Dear Mark Kenneth:

Here are the grammatically correct ways of constructing the sentences you presented:

1. “Yesterday, I went to the doctor and he told me that I have/had cancer.”

The correct usage is this: “Yesterday, I went to the doctor and he told me that I have cancer.”

The verb “have” has to be in the present tense because even if the diagnosis was made yesterday (past tense), the condition of the patient (the speaker) being sick of cancer continues or persists up to the present. The verb “have” here is not functioning as an auxiliary verb but a verb all by its own that means “continuing possession,” then is followed by the noun “cancer” as its direct object.

As we know, the stand-alone verb “have” takes that form or “has” or “had” depending on the tense, person, and number of the subject, as follows:

Present tense: “have,” as in “I have a bad cold”; or “has,” as in “He/she has a bad cold.”
Past tense: “had,” as in “I had a bad cold.”
Future tense: “With this weather, I/he/she/we will have a bad cold.” (Idiomatically, though, people normally would say, “With this weather, I/he/she/we might catch a bad cold.”) 

2. “I woke up this morning thinking that today IS/WAS Monday.” (Let’s assume that today is any other day but MONDAY)

That sentence should use the past tense form “was Monday” in the relative clause, as follows:

“I woke up this morning thinking that today was Monday.”

The past tense “was Monday” has to be used here because the speaker obviously has already realized that he was wrong in thinking that today is a Monday. In other words, in that complex sentence, both the action (“woke up”) and the state described (“today was Monday”) are in the past tense.

3. Regarding this scenario that you presented:

Kunwari narinig ko sa radio (5 minutes ago) na namimigay sila ng tickets for a concert.Tumawag agad ako sa radio station and how would I say the ff:
 “Hi, I heard you ARE/WERE giving away tickets for the concert.”
(Logically po they are still giving away tickets nung tumawag ako… but should I use “were” since narinig ko yung announcement in the past?)  

The sentence in question should use the present tense “are giving away tickets,” as follows:

“Hi, I heard you are giving away tickets for the concert.”

Here, from the standpoint of the speaker, it has to be presumed that he or she thinks that the radio station is still giving away tickets for the concert; otherwise, there’s no point for him or her to call that radio station to indicate interest in getting tickets. It would be different, though, if the speaker indicated a time frame in the past for the giving away of tickets, say, “yesterday.” In that case, it would be mandatory to use the past tense “you were giving away tickets,” as follows:

“Hi, I heard that yesterday, you were giving away tickets for the concert.”

Another thing to keep in mind: The sentence construction “Hi, I heard you are giving away tickets for the concert” is actually the ellipted form (reduced and streamlined) of the complex sentence “Hi, I heard that you are giving away tickets for the concert.” Here, we have the main clause “I heard” and the subordinate clause “you are giving away tickets for the concert,” but the subordinating conjunction “that” linking them has been dropped. Ellipsis is one of the ways that English sentences can be made more concise and easier to articulate.

4. “Yesterday, she told me her name WAS/IS Roda.” (Ang true name nya po talaga ay Roda)

That sentence should use the present tense form “is Roda,” as follows:
“Yesterday, she told me her name is Roda.”

The present tense “is Roda” has to be used here because the fact that the subject’s name is “Roda” has been validated to be true and remains true up to the time of speaking. It would be different, of course, if it turned out that her name really wasn’t Roda, say, it’s “Dora” instead.

“Yesterday, she told me her name was Roda, but it turns out it really is Dora.”

Again, it must be kept in mind that this sentence is the ellipted form of the compound-complex sentence below, where both relative pronouns “that” have been dropped for conciseness and easier articulation:

“Yesterday, she told me that her name was Roda, but it turns out that it really is Dora.” 

I hope that this has clarified the correct usage for the four sentences you presented.

You say that you already have my first book, English Plain and Simple. That’s great! Once you have saved enough money to get a copy of my third book, Give Your English the Winning Edge, and perhaps also of my second book, The 10 Most Annoying English Grammar Errors, it’s unlikely that you’d need other grammar books to help you find answers to questions like the ones we have just taken up. Nevertheless, for greater mastery of English, keep on reading good English-language books and periodicals and keep on listening to good English-language TV and radio programs as well.

Merry Christmas!

Joe Carillo

***

NOTE: This is a revision of my original explanation to Mark Kenneth. It makes a major correction to my previous erroneous explanation for the correct usage of the sentence presented in Item 1 above. The corrections were raised by madgirl09 in her posting dated December 16 where she pointed out that I erred in calling the verb form in the following sentence the present perfect tense: “Yesterday, I went to the doctor and he told me that I have cancer.” It is, in fact, the present tense form of the verb “have” in the sense of “continuing possession.”

I have revised this front-panel posting so that Forum members and viewers won’t be confused by the flawed explanation in my original answer to Mark Kenneth. However, for its instructive value, I have retained my original posting inside the Forum along with madgirl09’s posting correcting it. I do hope that my doing so would encourage other Forum members not to hesitate to correct me or other Forum members when misleading or erroneous statements are inadvertently made about English grammar or usage. We need to be sure that our grammar and usage pronouncements in this Forum are correct and aboveboard for posterity.

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