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Your Thoughts Exactly / Smoke Gets in Your Eyes on New Year’s Eve
« on: January 15, 2025, 11:55:29 AM »
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes on New Year’s Eve
Personal Essay by Antonio Calipjo Go, Forum Contributor

The Old Year’s moment of leave-taking was nothing if not explosive, incendiary, and inflammatory. Altogether it was a loud, proud, one beautiful mess of an experience. New Year’s Eve 2025 was a send-off party, a demonstration of good wishes for someone or something that’s about to set out on a journey. The Old Year 2024 was, in fact, going away for good, never to return. Our fireworks displays were meant to see the year go off and go out in flamboyant flames. At the same time, we were ringing in the New Year, ushering in the start of 2025 A.D. by lighting and exploding firecrackers, rockets, pinwheels, Roman candles, and fountains that spout not water but flames.

For me, the cleaving of the years has always been a bittersweet encounter during which I find myself going through the motions of celebrating a death and a birth one after the other in very quick succession.

Gradually but eventually, all that sound and fury begin to signify nothing but smoke and the smell of something ending and dying, and in the hazy cold rainy morning after all get calm and not bright but foggy. So loud and clear, the sound of silence can now be heard all over the land. All that remains of the floral designs of varying colors in the previous night’s sky is our memory of the moment, our recollection of that turbulent event and experience.

With this in mind, I invariably return to recalling you, whom I had loved and lost and will never see again, no matter how hard I wish I may, or how desperately I wish I might.

At the beginning of the year, I resolve to forget you, every day from this day forward till the next breaking and breaching of the years, when I’d be making the same not-to-be-resolved resolution. I know it’s madness, something that I just have to do, for it makes me happy to be sad, to recall that singular experience when I loved only you and you loved only me.

It is like watching a fireworks display—you know that the joy of it will be brief and short—a rapture you know will only end in naught but grief and sorrow. There’s nothing you can do about it; it’s the way things are, for even despair is an experience worth keeping and remembering.

One goal of life is to collect experiences and memories of those experiences, and to realize what we’ve become because of them. The only thing that’s written in stone is that nothing lasts. Our remembrance of things past is akin to taking snapshots and photos that capture fleeting moments for all time, that render quick time experiences the hard permanence of fossils.

All that love is dead, yet something ineffable and unutterable lives and remains inside my heart and in my mind, calling and calling—like a foghorn blaring signals to ships in foggy weather such as this. Remembering is a process of resurrecting, of retrieving, and of redeeming memories from the fogbank of the past, of what was lost and could not be found, bringing all that’s dead to life, again and again, for as often as we want it, for as long as we want to.

We can only stage firework spectacles but not claim ownership of the light, sound, and noise they produce. We cannot possess what can, after all, burns, explodes, and is gone in the blink of an eye. We can only sense, we can only feel the instance and the moment of the blooming and blossoming of the fireworks against the night sky’s black velvet backdrop on New Year’s Eve.

We should not even think of owning or possessing what we truly love, for if you love what you have even for the briefest of time, you will have what you love for all time.



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PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR JANUARY 11 - 17, 2025 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting to Know English: “Crafting our sentences to their context”






2. Use and Misuse: “A recurrent misuse of 'between' when setting a range”




3. You Asked Me This Question: “Why do inverted sentences have a subject-verb agreement peculiarity?”

 


4. My Media English Watch Retrospective: “Two instructive cases of English misuse and suspected misuse"


 

5. Getting To Know English Better: “The grammar in English for avoiding blame”




6. Essays by Jose A. Carillo: “How onerous legalese imperils public welfare”




7. Education and Teaching: “DepEd engages Khan Academy and Frontliners to optimize English-Science-Math teaching in the Philippines”


8. Students' Sounding Board: “Cautionary tale on asserting what is good or bad English” 




9. Language Humor At Its Finest: “What the teacher says and what the teacher actually means”




10. Your Thoughts Exactly: “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes on New Year’s Eve," personal reminiscence by Antonio Calipjo Go, Forum Contributor


11. Going Deeper Into Language: “Subordinate clauses don't always play second fiddle to main clauses”




12. Advice and Dissent: “Belief without evidence to support it is always morally wrong”

 


13. Notable Works by Our Very Own: “When books and life intersect,” a personal retrospective by Howie Severino, Filipino broadcast journalist”




14. Time Out From English Grammar Retrospective: “How the West rose to global dominance and is now losing it,” preview of the 2011 book by British historian Niall Ferguson




15. A Forum Lounge Retrospective: “The one single thing that brought them all to America,” personal reminiscence of a South Vietnamese immigrant to the United States







3
The Department of Education (DepEd) recently started an organized training program for the country's English, science and mathematics (ESM) teachers and to optimize learning sessions for student learners and to enable their parents to support their school activities.

As part of DepEd's continuing efforts to improve learning outcomes, the training sessions are being undertaken in partnership with the U.S.-based Khan Academy, which offers classes with educational videos hosted on YouTube, and with FrontLearners, an interactive e-learning content developer and customized e-school solution provider in the Philippines. The program is expected to enable teachers to conduct learning sessions better, leading to improved academic performance aligned with international standards.

"We are equipping our teachers with cutting-edge tools and strategies to provide world-class instruction in English, Science, and Math. By empowering our educators, we are not only enhancing classroom learning but also preparing our learners to excel academically and meet the challenges of an ever-evolving world," Philippine Education Secretary Sonny Angara said.

The series of activities was started by DepEd last Jan. 6, 2025 by preparing Regional ESM supervisors to pattern their classes using the Khan Academy platform. The Khan Academy was created in 2006 by Sal Khan, a pioneering educator un the U.S. who holds three degrees from the Massachussets Institute of Technology and an MBA from Harvard University,

The Khan Academy is a non-profit organization and is mostly funded by donations from philanthropic organizations. Among its major donors since 2013 are Google, Mexico's  Luis Alcazar Foundation, AT&T, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Elon Musk Foundation. Khan Academy produces short video lessons that teach a wide spectrum of academic subjects, including mathematics, sciences, literature, history, and computer science. All resources are available for free to users of the website and the applications it offers.

Read "Department of Education to train English, science, math teachers" in The Manila Times online!

Clink this link to DepEd to get more information about the program!

4
Getting to Know English / Crafting our sentences to their context
« on: January 13, 2025, 04:13:43 PM »
My column last week (“When even the passive voice isn’t enough,” EPS #2238) further emphasized that our writing shouldn’t totally rely on the active voice, and that the passive voice is by itself a powerful device for precisely crafting our sentences to an intended context. The active voice is arguably a very handy and effective default vehicle for expressing our ideas, but the passive voice is actually our most suitable choice for calling attention and giving more emphasis to the receiver of the action, to the instrument used in the action, or to the action itself.

CHART 1 - BASIC ENGLISH CLAUSE PATTERN IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
                THREE BASIC CLAUSE PATTERNS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

Again, let’s look closely at this basic English clause pattern: “Alicia [subject, as actor or doer of the action] gave [verb, as the action] Roberto [indirect object, as the beneficiary or receiver of the action], a tender hug [direct object, as the goal].” 

We already took up three ways by which the passive voice can change this basic clause pattern: (1) make the indirect object the subject of the sentence:Roberto was given a tender hug by Alicia.”; (2) make the direct object the subject:A tender hug was given by Alicia to Roberto.”; and (3) make the act itself the subject: “Alicia’s hugging of Roberto was tender.” The passive voice purposively diminishes the importance of the subject or actor so it can draw greater attention to the indirect or direct receivers of the action, or to the action itself.

CHART 2 – USEFULNESS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE IN SCIENCE 
                AND TECHNICAL WRITING

The passive voice becomes even more useful when it isn’t necessary or desirable to mention the subject or doer of the action at all. In science and technical writing, in particular, the passive voice is the conventional choice because the doer of the action is often obvious, unimportant, or unknown: “An intensive search for an antidote to the raging avian flu virus is underway.” The active voice, in contrast, gives unwarranted importance to the unknown doer of the action at the expense of what’s being done, which in this case is more important. For that reason, the following active-voice sentence looks cockeyed and sounds off-key: “Veterinary-disease researchers intensively seek an antidote to the raging avian flu virus.”

CHART 3 – USEFULNESS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE IN NEWS JOURNALISM

And the passive voice is, of course, not all that rare even in news journalism, the ultimate redoubt of the active voice. Take this self-conscious, active-voice news lead: “This reporter found out today that the complainants themselves in the Manila electioneering case had falsified evidence.” More circumspect and more logical is this passive construction that deliberately drops the reporter as the doer of the action: “The evidence in the Manila electioneering case was falsified by the complainants themselves.”

An even more compelling reason for using the passive voice has little to do with grammar but more with the art of communication itself. It’s the need for restraint, prudence, tact, and diplomacy in the workplace and in our day-to-day personal interactions. The active voice is particularly unsuitable for situations where it directly and unequivocally attributes an error, mistake, or failing to someone, thus squarely putting the blame on him or her. With the passive voice, we can be scrupulously correct without pointing an accusing finger at anybody, and deliberately keep certain things unstated to let others save face.

Assume, for instance, that your advertising agency has bungled its bid for a large consumer products account, and that the reason was that, at the last minute, your immediate superior doubled the budget you had recommended. This was mainly why the prospective client had chosen another agency whose proposed budget happened to be, well, about the same as your original figures. How injudicious it would be then for you to report the fiasco straightforwardly by using this active-voice statement: “We lost the account because my boss insisted on doubling the proposed budget that I had strongly recommended, which of course the prospective client found excessively high. The competing agency's winning bid turned out to be only half as ours.”

The active voice here, of course, tells one painful truth that won’t set you free—it is one, in fact, that’s guaranteed to instantly kill off careers and relationships. How much more politic and tactful to use the passive voice for that truth: “Our proposed budget for the advertising campaign was inadvertently doubled shortly before our presentation to client, thus making it twice the bid of the agency that won the account.” Everybody in your agency would know what really happened anyway, so there’s no need to rub it in by using the active voice so flagrantly.

The choice between the active voice and the passive voice, then, isn’t just a matter of grammar. It strikes at the heart of the matter of our use of the language itself.

This essay, which first appeared in my weekly column “English Plain and Simple” in The Manila Times, subsequently became Chapter 68 of my book Giving Your English the Winning Edge, ©2009 by the Manila Times Publishing Corp. All rights reserved.

Read this essay and listen to its voice recording in The Manila Times:
Crafting our sentences to their context

Next week: Using extraposition for emphasis     (January 23, 2025)

Visit Jose Carillo’s English Forum, http://josecarilloforum.com. You can follow me on Facebook and X (Twitter) and e-mail me at j8carillo@yahoo.com.

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PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR JANUARY 4 - 10, 2025 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting to Know English: “When even the passive voice isn’t enough”




2. Use and Misuse: “Those troublesome modifiers of countable or uncountable nouns!”




3. Badly Written, Badly Spoken: “The difference between double possessives and single possessives”

 

4. You Asked Me This Question: “Precisely how do the English demonstrative pronouns work?”


 
5. Getting To Know English Better: “How to use ‘can’ and ‘could’ and ‘will’ and ‘would’ correctly”




6. My Media English Watch: “The shade of difference between the verbs ‘look,’ ‘watch,’ and ‘see’”




7. Essay by Jose A. Carillo: “The battle for our minds”




8. Advocacies: “A toast to Pope Francis on his Philippine visit in 2015,” a recollection by Bukas Palad devotee Norman A. Agatep




9. Language Humor At Its Finest: “A cockeyed but penetrating definition of globalization”




10. Education and Teaching: “The language of literature and science,” a personal reminiscence by Jose A. Carillo




11. Time Out From English Grammar: “Bill Gates funds a developer of a feed additive that reduces cow burps and farts”




12. Readings in Language: “Self-taught scholar-researcher uncovers ‘inspiration’ for 11 of Shakespeare's plays”

 


13. A Forum Lounge Retrospective: “Even in the TV reality-show era, our ticket to fame is really making things”




14. Students’ Sounding Board Retrospective: “What happens when people don’t know enough to know they don’t know”




15. The Forum Lounge: “A bold embodiment of what’s grand or fraudulent in American mass culture”







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PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR DECEMBER 28, 2024 - JANUARY 3, 2025 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting to Know English: “In defense of the passive voice”


PHOTO CREDIT: PH.PINTEREST.COM
A totally active-voice exposition is neither a practical nor desirable goal. An exposition that uses an unbroken train of
active sentences, without at least a few passive ones, is in many ways the equivalent of speaking stridently at all times
or of singing a song on a high note from start to finish. We all know how exhausting this can be for both the performer
and the audience.



2. Use and Misuse: “Getting rid of wordy beginnings for our writing”





3. Badly Written, Badly Spoken: “The difference between double possessives and single possessives”

 

4. You Asked Me This Question: “Redundancies, imprecisions in mass media English”




5. My Media English Watch Retrospective: “Let’s be firm on whether the name ‘Philippines’ is singular or plural“




6. Getting to Know English Better: “How the three kinds of objects work in English grammar”




7. Essay by Jose A. Carillo: “The Tree of Life, aka The Tree of Knowledge”




8. Education and Teaching: “The rocky road to idiomatic English”




9. Language Humor at its Finest: “18 classic quotes for the New Year”




10. Time Out From English Grammar: “Applying evolutionary science to improve the human condition”




11. Students’ Sounding Board Retrospective: “When is sentence inversion a matter of grammar or style?”




12. A Forum Lounge Retrospective: “The roller coaster ride of my life” by APA.VICTORY (pseud.)

 


13. The Forum Lounge: “Pun-ography: Wordplay to make you smile”




14. The Forum Lounge: “Stunning and magically beautiful sights from all over the world




15. The Forum Lounge Retrospective: “Sissel Kyrkjebø sings "Auld Lang Syne" for New Year 2014 ”







7
Getting to Know English / When even the passive voice isn’t enough
« on: December 31, 2024, 07:51:55 PM »
There are times when we just feel that even the passive voice falls short of giving us the desired emphasis for what we want to say. That’s when we take recourse to a peculiar grammar device that we learn at a very early age probably without even realizing it. That device is the cleft sentence, so-called because it “cleaves” or splits a single-clause sentence into two clauses for semantic emphasis or style. It is the written equivalent of making our voice louder to draw attention to the most important points of what we are saying.



Cleft sentences take two common forms. The first is the “it”-cleft, which exhibits the pattern “It + be + [subject of focus] + [action or defining clause],” as in “It was the accusers themselves who fudged the data.” The other is the pseudo-cleft or “wh-”cleft, which normally takes the form “Wh- + [subject] + [verb] + [form of be] + [rest of the predicate],” as in “What she did was a wonderful thing.” Both forms depart from the usual declarative sentence form to achieve a stronger, defensive emphasis. (The straightforward form of the “it” cleft is, of course, “The accusers themselves fudged the data”; that of the “wh-” cleft, “She did a wonderful thing.”)   

The “it” cleft. In this type of sentence construction, the often-derided and supposedly empty function word “it” works to highlight an object of special focus, or theme. In the process, the sentence assumes the tone and form of a statement seeking to correct someone’s wrong idea. The negator “no” or “not,” if unstated, can normally be presumed to precede it. For instance, someone may have just said this pointedly: “The accused, Your Honor, fudged the data.” The defensive—perhaps outraged—reply would likely be an “it”-cleft: “No, Your Honor, it was the accusers themselves who fudged the data.”

An “it”-cleft sentence always has a dependent clause introduced by the subordinators “that” or “who” or by none at all, and that dependent clause normally ends the sentence for emphasis: It was her that I wanted all along.” “It is Alberto who can make things possible for us.” “No, my dear, it is our son sleeping on the sofa.” By some peculiar language alchemy, the “it”-cleft achieves a double emphasis—one for the cleft’s theme, and the other for the chosen end-focus. In the examples above, it is the following idea-pairs that get emphasis: “her”/“I wanted all along”; “Alberto”/“can make things possible for us”; and “our son”/“sleeping on the sofa.”    

Like the plain passive-voice construction, the “it”-cleft gives wide latitude in emphasizing any of the following grammar elements in the scheme of things: ihe actor or doer of the action, the indirect or direct object, or the act itself. Take this simple declarative statement: “The judge gave the erring lawyer a sharp rebuke.” Now look at just three of the “it”-cleft forms that sentence could take: “It was the judge that gave the erring lawyer a sharp rebuke.” “It was the erring lawyer that the judge sharply rebuked.” “It was a sharp rebuke that the erring lawyer got from the judge.” All revolve around the same idea, but with different shades of meaning.

The pseudo-cleft or “wh-”cleft. This construction takes both the main verb and theme (main idea) of the sentence, fashions them into a noun clause, and uses that noun clause to begin the sentence. Instead of  “it,” however, the pseudo-cleft uses “what” to introduce that clause.

By alchemy similar to the “it”-cleft’s, the pseudo-cleft allows us to create several variations of a statement to emphasize a different theme each time. See what the pseudo-cleft can do to a simple declarative like, say, “We brought Eve some luscious fruits.”

Emphasizing the direct object (“luscious fruits”) from the doer’s (“we”) standpoint:What we brought to Eve were luscious fruits.”

Emphasizing the direct object from the doer’s standpoint, but less assertively:What were brought by us to Eve were luscious fruits.”
 
Emphasizing the action:What we did was to bring luscious fruits to Eve.”

Emphasizing all the elements:What happened was that we brought luscious fruits to Eve.”

Note that a “wh-”cleft theme is always a subordinate clause introduced by “what,” and is always the subject of a passive-voice sentence.

Clefts are potent, high-energy devices for achieving greater emphasis, but we must use them with restraint—certainly not as habitual forms of expressing ourselves. To overuse them is to trivialize not only the very things we want to emphasize but the rest of our composition as well.

This essay, which first appeared in my weekly column “English Plain and Simple” in The Manila Times, subsequently became Chapter 67 of my book Giving Your English the Winning Edge, ©2009 by the Manila Times Publishing Corp. All rights reserved.

Read this essay and listen to its voice recording in The Manila Times:
When even the passive voice isn’t enough

Next week: Crafting our sentences to their context     (January 16, 2025)

Visit Jose Carillo’s English Forum, http://josecarilloforum.com. You can follow me on Facebook and X (Twitter) and e-mail me at j8carillo@yahoo.com.

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December 30, 2024

Dear Forum Member and Friend,


Happy Holidays and a Prosperous New Year to Your Family and Friends!

Today, on the occasion of Dr. Jose P. Rizal's execution by colonial Spain's firing squad on December 30, 1896, the Forum is presenting this retrospective of major vignettes and sidelights about his remarkable life as posted in Jose Carillo's English Forum in recent years.


1. Students’ Sounding Board: “Did Rizal ever speak and write in English?" (January 28, 2010)

2. The Forum Lounge: “A Rizal retrospective on his 160th birth anniversary" (June 18, 2019)

3. Watch and Listen: “A declamation by Ed Manuel Song (June 23, 2008) of Jose Rizal’s ‘Mi Ultimo Adios’ in the original Spanish”

4. A Book Review: “An anthology that’s a one-stop shop for everything Rizal” (December 28, 2018)

5. A Charming Related Story: “‘A Prayer to St. Jude’, reminiscence by Forum Member Angel Casillan”(January 23, 2011)

I trust that will enjoy these readings about or related to the life of our National Hero.

With my best wishes,
Joe Carillo

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PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR DECEMBER 21 - 27, 2024 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting to Know English: “Three semantic brides all in a row”




2. You Asked Me This Question: “How does the meaning of ‘I'd ask of you’ differ with ‘I'd ask you’?”

 


3. Readings in Language: “The age-old debate over ‘It’s not you, it’s (me, I)’ flares up again”





4. Advice and Dissent: “Why we find it pleasing to read stories we know to be untrue”




5. Your Thoughts Exactly: “Obasute: A reflection this Christmas,” by Antonio Calipjo Go, Forum Contributor




6. Your Thoughts Exactly: “10 Enduring Remembrances of Christmases Past - Redux 15”




7. A Forum Lounge Retrospective: “A beauty and a love verboten” by Angel B. Casillan, Forum Contributor




8. Time Out From English Grammar: “Advice from a noted scientist to aspiring young scientists”




9. Language Humor at its Finest: “Gems of the fine but now vanishing art of persiflage”




10. Essay by Jose A. Carillo: “One-word, two-word mix-ups”




11. Students’ Sounding Board: “Why is the letter ‘I’ always capitalized?”





12. Advice and Dissent: “Is ‘the algorithm’ really a powerful meta-specter haunting our hauntings?” by Anna Shechtman in the Yale Review

 


13. The Forum Lounge: “A wheelchair dancer lives up her dream,” a travel recollection by Forum Member Tonybau




14. The Forum Lounge: “Things my mother taught me,” contributed by Forum Member Ben Sanchez




15. The Forum Lounge Retrospective: “Celebrating the Holiday Season with an element of surprise”







10
Getting to Know English / Three semantic brides all in a row
« on: December 23, 2024, 11:01:56 PM »
To show the semantic power of the three rhetorical devices that we have taken up in our preceding discussions—namely the resumptive modifier, the summative modifier, and the free modifier—it’s tempting to simply mint new specimens of each as examples. That’s actually what we have been doing so far, a process that, of course, is very much like using bridal stand-ins to go through rehearsals for a grand wedding. But this time we’ll see all three of the semantic brides for real, their grooms three of the finest stylists the English language has ever produced: the breathtakingly iconoclastic American journalist H. L. Mencken, the towering English historian Edward Gibbon, and the eminent American naturalist-philosopher Loren Eiseley.

The masterful English prose of H.L. Mencken, Edward Gibbon, and Loren Eiseley draw much of their power from their skillful use of resumptive modifiers and free modifiers and, once having exhausted a theme, from an occasional summative modifier--yielding nonfiction that not only read well but that’s also great literature.
   
Let’s begin by taking a look at Mencken’s artistry in using resumptive, summative, and free modifiers in this vaulting, magnificent prose from In Defense of Women [all underscoring in this and in subsequent passages mine]:

       “Find me an obviously intelligent man, a man free from sentimentality and illusion, a man hard to deceive, a man of the first
        class, and I’ll show you a man with a wide streak    of woman in him. Bonaparte had it; Goethe had it; Schopenhauer had it;
        Bismarck and Lincoln had it; in Shakespeare, if the Freudians are to be believed, it amounted to downright homosexuality. The
        essential traits and qualities of the male, the hallmarks of the unpolluted masculine, are at the same time the hallmarks of the
        Schafskopf [a German word, literally “sheep’s head,” that means a “dolt” or “numskull”]. The caveman is all muscles and mush.
        Without a woman to rule him and think for him, he is a truly lamentable spectacle: a baby with whiskers, a rabbit with the frame
        of an aurochs, a feeble and preposterous caricature of God.”

Notice, first, how Mencken uses “man” as a resumptive modifier, effortlessly elaborating on the word in the four free relative clauses that follow the main clause: “a man free from sentimentality and illusion,” “a man hard to deceive,” “a man of the first class,” and “I’ll show you a man with a wide streak of woman in him.” Then marvel at how Mencken audaciously sums up the paragraph by reinforcing the noun phrase “a truly lamentable spectacle” with free relative modifiers that also superbly work as summative modifiers: “a baby with whiskers,” “a rabbit with the frame of an aurochs,” and “a feeble and preposterous caricature of God.” In this kind of rapier-sharp prose, Mencken—then as now—has few equals.

Contrast Mencken’s deliciously scathing diatribes with Gibbon’s detached yet consummately elegant parallelisms in this passage from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

        “Yet Julian sustained adversity with firmness, and prosperity with moderation. After an interval of one hundred and twenty
        years from the death of Alexander Severus, the Romans beheld an emperor who made no distinction between his duties and his    
        pleasures, who laboured to relieve the distress and to revive the spirit of his subjects, and who endeavoured always to connect
        authority with merit, and happiness with virtue. Even faction, and religious faction, was constrained to acknowledge the superiority
        of his genius in peace as well as in war, and to confess, with a sigh, that the apostate Julian was a lover of his country, and that he
        deserved the empire of the world.”

In this train of evocative relative clauses, both bound and free, Gibbon makes history spring back to life, vividly and authoritatively.

Now, let’s watch Eiseley eloquently yet quietly conjuring for us the epochal march of life and time in this meditation from The Immense Journey:

        “The world of the giants was a dying world. These fantastic little seeds skipping and hopping and flying about the woods and
         valleys brought with them an amazing adaptability. If our whole lives had not been spent in the midst of it, it would astound
         us. The old, stiff, sky-reaching wooden world had changed into something that glowed here and there with strange colors,
         put out queer, unheard-of fruits and little intricately carved seed cases, and, most important of all, produced concentrated
         foods in a  way that the land had never seen before, or dreamed of back in the fish-eating, leaf-crunching days of the
         dinosaurs.”

Through the masterful use of free and bound relative modifiers, Eiseley shows us eternity in just a little over a hundred words.

The prose of Mencken, Gibbon, and Eiseley shows one outstanding thing in common: an authentic voice that gives vent to a seamless, effortless flow of ideas. And as we can see, their discourses draw much of their power from the skillful use of resumptive modifiers and free modifiers and, once having exhausted a theme, from an occasional summative modifier. As such their prose becomes more than just journalism, more than just history, more than just meditation. They bring us to the realm of deeply felt and felicitously expressed ideas—nonfiction that not only reads well but that’s also great literature.

This essay, which first appeared in my weekly column “English Plain and Simple” in The Manila Times, subsequently became Chapter 64 of my book Giving Your English the Winning Edge, ©2009 by the Manila Times Publishing Corp. All rights reserved.

Read this essay and listen to its voice recording in The Manila Times:
Three semantic brides all in a row

Next week:  In defense of the passive voice   (January 2, 2025)

Visit Jose Carillo’s English Forum, http://josecarilloforum.com. You can follow me on Facebook and X (Twitter) and e-mail me at j8carillo@yahoo.com.

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PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR DECEMBER 14 - 20, 2024 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting to Know English: “Making good use of free relative clauses”




2. Use and Misuse: “What are substantive and attributive clauses?”

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES:
 

ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES:



3. Essays by Jose A. Carillo: “Using the serial comma isn't just a matter of stylistic preference”




4. You Asked Me This Question: “The strange grammar of 'need' as modal auxiliary”




5. My Media English Watch Retrospective: “Placing a modifier where it rightfully should be”




6. Getting to Know English: “Four peculiar ways to make your English beyond reproach”






7. Advocacies: “Bill Gates advocates environment-friendly subtitutes for animal fat in our diet”




8. Students’ Sounding Board: “When is sentence inversion a matter of grammar or style?”




9. Language Humor At Its Finest: 34 business jokes and quotes to perk up our dreary days





10. Your Thoughts Exactly Retrospective: “Candor of Reality,” personal essay contributed by Neronver-Zac (pseud)




11. Advice and Dissent: “Grammar poll on a contentious subject-verb agreement disagreement”




12. Readings in Language Retrospective: “Descriptivism in English can quickly succumb to its own kind of smugness”




13. Time Out From English Grammar: “How the human brain establishes and reinforces beliefs as truths”




14. The Forum Lounge: “Once again, how to say 'Merry Christmas' in 75 of the world's languages”




15. The Forum Lounge: “A kid's view of the Christmas Story” (video on YouTube)







12
Getting to Know English / Making good use of free relative clauses
« on: December 17, 2024, 06:46:55 PM »
In the preceding discussion of relative clauses, we compared a bound modifier to an animal species that has already arrived at its evolutionary dead-end, and a free relative modifier to a species that partakes of a wide gene pool for its further evolution. This was in the context of the power of free relative clauses to expand ideas beyond the limits of the usual subject-verb-predicate format. We saw that while bound relative clauses simply affirm the identity of a subject noun, free relative clauses expand ideas in any way the writer or speaker deems suitable to his exposition.

There’s a handy guide for spotting the two—most bound relative clauses that refer to non-persons are introduced by “that,” while most free relative clauses that refer to non-persons are introduced by “which”: “The sedan that you delivered to me last week is a lousy clunker!” “That sedan, which you told me would be the best my money can buy, is a lousy clunker!” Notice how self-contained and peremptory the first sentence is, and how awkward it would be to add any more ideas to it (better to start all over again with a new sentence!).



In contrast, marvel at how the second sentence readily lends itself to further elaboration: “That sedan, which you told me would be the best my money can buy, which you bragged would give me the smoothest ride, and which you claimed would make me the most sophisticated-looking motorist in town, is a lousy clunker!” We can add even more “which” clauses to that sentence in direct proportion to the speaker’s anger and indignation, and still be sure that the speaker won’t be gasping for air when he gives vent to them.

We must be aware, though, that bound relative clauses are sometimes not that easy to spot in a sentence. Recall that we learned to routinely knock off “that” from relative clauses as part of our prose-streamlining regimen. Thus, the bound-clause-using sentence above would most likely present itself in this guise: “The sedan [that] you delivered to me last week is a lousy clunker!” This, as we know, is a neat disappearing act that “which” can oftentimes also do to link free relative clauses smoothly with main clauses.

But what really makes free relative clauses most valuable to prose is their ability to position themselves most anywhere in a sentence—at the beginning, in the middle, or at the tail end—with hardly any change in meaning; bound relative clauses simply can’t do that. We can better understand that semantic attribute by using three ways to combine sentences using the free-relative-clause construction technique. Take these two sentences: “The new junior executive has been very astute in his moves. He has been quietly working to form alliances with the various division managers.”

Our first construction puts the relative clause right at the beginning of the sentence: “Working quietly to form alliances with the various division managers, the new junior executive has been very astute in his moves.” The second puts it smack in the middle: “The new junior executive, working quietly to form alliances with the various division managers, has been very astute in his moves.” And the third puts it at the very tail end: “The new junior executive has been very astute in his moves, quietly working to form alliances with the various division managers.”

The wonder is that all three constructions yield elegant sentences that mean precisely the same thing—sentences that look, sound, and feel much better than when they are forced into bound-modifier straightjackets like this: “The new junior executive who is working quietly to form alliances with the various division managers has been very astute in his moves.”

We can see clearly now that free relative clauses work in much the same way as resumptive and summative modifier—they allow us to effortlessly extend the line of thought of a sentence without losing coherence and cohesion and without creating unsightly sprawl. However, free relative clauses differ from them in one major functional attribute: they specifically modify a subject of a particular verb.

In contrast, resumptive modifiers pick up any noun, verb, or adjective from a main clause and elaborate on them with relative clauses, while summative modifiers make a recap of what has been said in the previous clause and develop it with another line of thought altogether. Free relative clauses specifically need verbs to start off thoughts that elaborate on the subject of the main clause: “She loves me deeply, showing it in the way she moves, hinting it in the way she looks at me.”

We can attach more and more free relative clauses to that sentence, but the point has been made: using free relative clauses is—short of poetry—one of the closest ways we can ever get to achieving elegance in our prose.

This essay, which first appeared in my weekly column “English Plain and Simple” in The Manila Times, subsequently became Chapter 64 of my book Giving Your English the Winning Edge, ©2009 by the Manila Times Publishing Corp. All rights reserved.

Read this essay and listen to its voice recording in The Manila Times:
Making good use of free relative clauses

Next week:  Three semantic brides all in a row   (December 26, 2024)

Visit Jose Carillo’s English Forum, http://josecarilloforum.com. You can follow me on Facebook and X (Twitter) and e-mail me at j8carillo@yahoo.com.

13
For a well-deserved respite this Holiday Season, find time to read or reread six of my lighthearted essays that I have posted in the Forum over the years. They are:

1. “When a tremendously popular song legitimizes a grammatical atrocity”

 


2. “The State of Our English”


 

3. “When immodest medical jargon is used as a slogan”




4. “The disturbing high incidence of the faulty ‘taken cared of’ usage”




5. “Conversation: Do kingfishers eat butter?”




6. “My misgivings when people wish me more power”



 
Simply click their respective hyperlinks to start reading the essays.

Happy Holidays!

With my best wishes,
Joe Carillo

14
PLAYLIST UPDATE FOR DECEMBER 6 - 13, 2024 OF JOSE CARILLO ENGLISH FORUM’S FACEBOOK GATEWAY

Simply click the web links to the 15 featured English grammar refreshers and general interest stories this week along with selected postings published in the Forum in previous years:

1. Getting To Know English: “Crafting more elegant prose with free modifiers”




2. You Asked Me This Question: “How literal adverbial phrases differ from idiomatic ones”




3. Use and Misuse Retrospective: “Once more, on that rather tough subject-verb agreement question”


                   

4. My Media English Watch: “Two exceptionally instructive cases of bad English in media”


ROADSIDE CARNIVAL AFTER ACCIDENT             SUCCESSFUL OVERSEAS FEMALE WORKERS


5. Essay by Jose A. Carillo: “‘Like’ and ‘such as’ are such slippery grammar trippers”




6. Getting To Know English: “Crafting our sentences to the desired context”




7. Students’ Sounding Board: “Confusion over the use of ‘due to’ and ‘owing to’”




8. Badly Written, Badly Spoken Retrospective: “In defense of using ‘Greetings!’ at the start of a letter”




9. Language Humor At Its Finest: “33 plays wyth wurds plus 33 philosophies of hypocrisy and ambiguity”




10. Time Out From English Grammar: “Measuring up to the human body’s perfection in architectural terms”




11. Readings in Language: “With this tome, few foreign thoughts and ideas need be lost in translation”




12. Your Thoughts Exactly: “10 Enduring Remembrances of Christmases Past”  



                   


13. The Forum Lounge: “Once again, how to say ‘Merry Christmas’ in 75 of the world’s languages”




14. Your Thoughts Exactly: “Warmth of chilly December” by Maximo Tumbali, Forum Member




15. The Forum Lounge Retrospective: "33 golden nuggets of inspiration”








15
Getting to Know English / Crafting more elegant prose with free modifiers
« on: December 09, 2024, 07:58:42 PM »
To better appreciate the value of free modifiers, particularly of the kind that works in the same league as resumptive modifiers and summative modifiers, we must first survey the entire universe of modifiers in the English language. We will recall, to begin with, that there are two basic types of modifiers: the bound modifier and the free modifier. Bound modifiers are those that are essential to the meaning of a clause or sentence, as the relative clause “those that are essential to the meaning of the sentence” in this particular sentence is essential to its main clause. Without that relative clause, the main clause and the sentence itself cannot exist; all we will have is the meaningless fragment “bound modifiers are.”

 


On the other hand, in that same sentence, the free modifier is the long phrase that begins with “…as the relative clause” and ends with “…essential to its main clause.” We can knock it off and it will not even be missed in the sentence that will be left: “Bound modifiers are those that are essential to the meaning of a clause or sentence.” The sentence has shed off a substantial chunk of itself, of course, as a lizard might lose its tail and yet grow it again someday, but otherwise nothing serious or untoward has happened to its semantic health.

One distinctive feature of bound modifiers is that they are not set off from the rest of the sentence; they normally form an unbroken chain of words that ends with a period, or pauses with a comma or some other punctuation mark. Free modifiers, on the other hand, are set off by commas most of the time, as the comparative clause “a lizard might lose its tail and yet grow it again someday” finds itself hemmed in by two commas in the sentence we examined earlier. Not to have those two commas, or at least not to have one of them in what we will call their frontline acts, would make free modifiers such a disruptive nuisance or outright killers of sense and meaning.

Now that we are about to examine their semantic structures in detail, we might as well make a quick review now of the eight forms that free modifiers usually take to do their job. Those forms have familiar and largely self-explanatory names: subordinate clauses, infinitive phrases, verb clusters, noun clusters, adjective clusters, appositives, absolutes, and free relative clauses. To get a better perspective of them, let’s now look at sentences that use the various forms of free modifiers (shown in italics):

Subordinate clause: “You may leave now even if you haven’t finished your work yet.”

Infinitive phrase:To win this bout, you must knock him out in this round.”

Verb cluster, a crossover pattern that puts the “-ing” form of verbs into modifying-clause mode: “Taking the cue, the buffoon withdrew his candidacy.”

Noun cluster, a crossover pattern that puts the second noun from a main clause into modifying-clause mode: “A veteran of many campaign seasons, the aging politician knows the turf that well.” (Its basic, rather convoluted form: “The aging politician is a veteran of many campaign seasons who knows the turf that well.”)

Adjective cluster, a crossover pattern that puts an adjective or a verb’s past-participle form into modifying-clause mode: “Desperate over the taunts about her academic deficiencies, the woman withdrew her job application.”

Appositive, the nifty description that we insert between nouns and their verbs: “The widow, a pale ghost of her old self, wailed at her husband’s funeral.”

Absolute nominative, which puts the passive-voice verb into the “-ing” or past-participle form and knocks off the helping verb: “All hope gone, the soldier beat a hasty retreat.”

Free relative clause. We are deferring discussion of free relative clauses for last because we’ll be giving them much fuller treatment than the rest. There’s a special reason for giving them this much closer look. Free relative clauses, along with resumptive modifiers and summative modifiers, are actually among the most powerful tools available to us for achieving clarity and coherence as well as elegance in our prose.

We will first focus on the power of free relative clauses to expand ideas in a sentence way beyond the limits of the usual subject-verb-predicate format. As we already know, a bound modifier is limited to identifying the noun form that precedes or follows it in a clause, as in this example: “The Makati City executive with whom I had a heated traffic altercation last month is now my friend.”

The long italicized clause in the sentence above is actually a bound modifier that closes the sentence in an airtight loop. Every word in that clause is essential to its own meaning and that of the whole sentence. We can liken a bound modifier to an animal species that has already perfected itself genetically, thus arriving at its evolutionary dead-end. Free relative clauses, in contrast, form part of the wide gene pool of language that makes infinite permutations of thought possible.

We will explore that idea in greater detail in next week’s column. 

This essay, which first appeared in my weekly column “English Plain and Simple” in The Manila Times, subsequently became Chapter 63 of my book Giving Your English the Winning Edge, ©2009 by the Manila Times Publishing Corp. All rights reserved.

Read this essay and listen to its voice recording in The Manila Times:
Crafting more elegant prose with free modifiers

Next week: Making good use of free relative clauses   (December 19, 2024)

Visit Jose Carillo’s English Forum, http://josecarilloforum.com. You can follow me on Facebook and X (Twitter) and e-mail me at j8carillo@yahoo.com.

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