Apart from being met with outrage and accusations of heresy upon the publication of his revolutionary book
On the Origin of Species in 1859, Charles Darwin had to contend with charges of plagiarism for failing to acknowledge other thinkers who had contributed to the development of his theory of natural selection. How he dealt with the explosive situation is chronicled by Rebecca Stott in
Darwin’s Ghosts: The Secret History of Evolution (Spiegel & Grau, 396 pages), a fascinating account of the many individuals over the centuries who had dared to challenge a worldview in which everything was presumed to have been created perfectly by God.
Stott recounts that in Darwin’s notes for the controversial book, he had actually made a list of the predecessors whose contributions to his theory of evolution he planned to acknowledge, but having sat on his book for over 20 years before finally deciding to publish it, he overlooked inclusion of that list altogether. To make amends for the oversight, Darwin appended to the first American edition of the
Origin of the Species a “Historical Sketch” crediting 18 others, including the physicist and theologian Baden Powell, who had violently accused him of taking credit for a theory developed by others. In subsequent editions, Darwin expanded the list to over 30 contributors to the theory—some of them not even worthy of the credit.
Each chapter of
Darwin’s Ghosts makes a fascinating account of each of the many major contributors to the theory of natural selection, from Aristotle to the Arab writer Al-Jahiz to Leonardo da Vinci to Denis Diderot to Erasmus Darwin and onwards to the young naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who made a parallel discovery of the mechanism of natural selection in the Malay Archipelago almost at the same time as Darwin. Indeed, Stott argues that evolution wasn’t Darwin’s singlehanded discovery but an idea that emerged over the centuries, an idea “advanced by daring individuals across the globe who had the imagination to speculate on nature’s extraordinary ways, and who had the courage to articulate such speculations at a time when to do so was often considered heresy.”
Read Hugh Raffles’s “Revolutionary Theory,” a review of Rebecca Stott’s Darwin’s Ghosts, in The New York Times now!Read Randall Mayes’s “Was Charles Darwin a Plagiarist?” in Science20.com now!ABOUT THE AUTHOR:Rebecca Stott is a professor of English literature and creative writing at the University of East Anglia and an affiliated scholar at the department of the history and philosophy of science at Cambridge University. She is the author of several books, including
Darwin and the Barnacle and the novels
Ghostwalk and
The Coral Thief.
ANOTHER INTERESTING READING:In “A Brief History of Money,” an article that came out in the June 2012 issue of
Spectrum.IEEE.org, James Surowiecki chronicles the history of paper money beginning in the 13th century, when the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan decreed that henceforth money—then in the form of regionally issued coins—would take the form of paper to encourage trade in the various regions of the Chinese empire. Surowiecki says that Kublai Khan was ahead of his time: “He recognized that what matters about money is not what it looks like, or even what it’s backed by, but whether people believe in it enough to use it. Today, that concept is the foundation of all modern monetary systems, which are built on nothing more than governments’ support of and people’s faith in them.”
Read James Surowiecki’s “A Brief History of Money” in the Spectrum.IEEE.org website now! 
